Author: Brian

By Dennis Van Dyk, Vegetable Crop Specialist, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

Kristen Obeid, Weed Specialist – Horticulture, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

Carrot growers in Ontario, Canada, are struggling with resistant pigweed species (redroot and green). As far back as 1997, resistance to Group 5 herbicides (prometryne) was noted in Ontario. Then in 1998, resistance to Group 2 (rimsulfuron) herbicides was found. Resistance to Group 7 (linuron) herbicides appeared in 1999. There are some weed populations with multiple resistances (e.g. resistance to both Group 5 and Group 7 herbicides, or even to three different herbicide groups).

Currently, the backbone of an herbicide program for carrots grown on muck soil is Group 5 herbicides applied pre-emergence and Group 7 herbicides applied post-emergence. Since resistance to these two groups is widespread across Ontario carrot growing regions, growers struggle with weed control annually.

Nearly 100 percent of muck carrots grown in Ontario will have to be hand-weeded at least once and as many as three times throughout the growing season. Recent grower surveys have estimated carrot hand-weeding costs of $150-$840/acre. There is an immediate need for herbicide strategies that control resistant pigweed, reducing the need for hand-weeding.

There are some products coming down the pipeline that may help carrot growers better manage weeds. But in the meantime, our purpose was to find a way to better use currently registered products and get better weed control. For us, other herbicides currently registered for pre-emergence applications include Prowl H2O (Group 3), bromoxynil (Group 6) and Dual II Magnum (Group 15). Sencor (Group 5) and Dual II Magnum (Group 15) are registered for post-emergence applications.

Growers have historically been very wary of incorporating these products into their programs for a number of reasons. For many of these products, the risk of injury is higher, while the window of application and spectrum of weeds is narrower. Some of these are known to slow carrot emergence in some conditions with little activity on pigweed (e.g. Dual II Magnum).

Objective

Our objective was to identify the most effective herbicide program with currently registered products against Group 5 and Group 7 resistant pigweed species.

Carrots (cv. Belgrado) were planted in a 6-acre field on May 31. The grower used an existing sprayer to apply treatments in half-boom plots. Each plot measured 360 feet by 24 feet. Treatments were randomized across the field, with each treatment replicated four times.

Pre-emergence applications were applied after seeding and prior to carrot emergence on June 1. A post-emergence application was applied on June 30 over the entire trial as a rescue treatment because the pigweed density was so high that carrot survivability was questionable. A second post-emergence application was applied on July 2 to treatments 3 and 4 as originally planned in the trial design. (Table 1)

Findings

Looking at weed counts, the pre-emergence combination of Caparol/Dual II Magnum/Prowl H2O had less pigweed compared to one of the Prowl H2O/bromoxynil treatments at 14 days after application. At 28 days after application, Prowl H2O/bromoxynil treatments had higher pigweed pressure compared to Caparol/Dual II Magnum with and without Prowl H2O. (Fig. 1)

What is also interesting is we had a significant rainfall event between 14 and 21 days after application, and pigweed counts went down from what was likely a re-activation of the pre-emerge herbicides.

At 49 days after application, we saw a difference in carrot growth stages due to the crop injury after the post-emergence application. (Fig. 2)

No significant differences in yield and marketability were found, although the trend follows the crop injury that we saw. We also saw increasing yields with increasing herbicide costs. (Fig. 3)

Conclusions

We found that a pre-emergence application of Caparol + Dual II Magnum + Prowl, followed by a post-emergence application of Lorox at the full label rate provides greater weed control and more competitive carrots than the other treatments, which was also evident visually. It is important to note that this treatment provided the best results because the dominant weed species in this field were pigweed species, lambsquarters and yellow nutsedge. We did not see a reduction in carrot stand counts, even with three products applied pre-emergence. Our post-emergence application of Caparol caused crop injury as it was likely applied too closely after Lorox.

Carrot growers are still waiting patiently for new herbicide options to come down the pipeline. In the interim, we’ll need to incorporate a few more tricks to deal with stubborn pigweed such as stale seedbed burn-downs and using primed seed to get quicker carrot emergence. We have found that a strong pre-emerge herbicide program provides the best control in a carrot system still reliant on Lorox applied post-emergence.

The Agriculture Council of America (ACA) has announced the 2022 National Ag Day video and written essay winners.  The winners were chosen based on the theme:  American Agriculture: Growing a Climate for Tomorrow.  Entrants chose to either write an essay or create a video.  

“CHS has long supported rural youth education and leadership programs and we are proud to give this year’s essay contest winners a platform that lets them share their ideas with a broader audience,” says Annette Degnan, CHS Inc., director, Marketing Communications, and Agriculture Council of America board member.

The national written essay winner, Haden Coleman of Trinity, Texas, receives a $1,000 prize and will read his winning essay at the virtual Ag Day event on March 22, 2022. The contest also named two merit winners who receive $100 and blog posts featuring their essays. They are Rebekah Vague of Ellsworth, Kansas, and Makenna Stundebeck of Salisbury, Missouri.  This year’s video essay winner, Kenna Mullins of Oxford, Pennsylvania, wins a $1,000 prize.  The winning entries can be viewed online at agday.org/2022-contest-winners. 

The Ag Day Essay Contest is sponsored by CHS Inc., National Association of Farm Broadcasting and Farm Progress.

Founded in 1973, National Ag Day encourages every American to understand how food and fiber products are produced; appreciate the role agriculture plays in providing safe, abundant and affordable products; value the essential role of agriculture in maintaining a strong economy and acknowledge and consider career opportunities in the agriculture, food and fiber industry.

Learn more and register for events at agday.org.

New research suggests riparian buffer strips could be installed in even more places, boosting their impact by pulling nutrients from farmland waterflow

A new study suggests we may have more opportunities to protect our waterways. That’s because one system for keeping too many nutrients out of streams could be used more widely than it is now.

Known as saturated riparian buffer strips, the system slows down and redirects water coming off farm fields. Water passes through a strip of land planted with native plants (the buffer). The technique allows more nitrogen to get absorbed by plants or turn into nitrogen in the air. The system is affordable and fairly simple, and it can remove up to 92% of nitrate, a form of nitrogen.

Without edge-of-field technologies like buffer strips, farmland often spills excess nutrients from fertilizers into nearby streams. Those nutrients degrade water quality and can kill wildlife. But one effective way to reduce the spread of nutrients is a special buffer between crops and streams.

The new study discovered that these buffers could be installed in more places than previously thought. By expanding the sites where the buffers are placed, farmers could protect more of their local streams. “Limiting nutrient transport off of fields and into waterbodies prevents overgrowth of harmful algae and protects in-stream ecosystems,” says Loulou Dickey, researcher at Iowa State University, who led the research.

The study was recently published in the Journal of Environmental Quality, a publication of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.

Current guidelines limit where the riparian buffers should be installed. One big concern is that the redirected flow of water will weaken the streambank. If the streambank erodes and falls into the stream, it hurts water quality and damages the land. The buffers are limited to banks that are not too tall, in hopes this protects the banks from damage.

Dickey’s team tested the assumption about bank height. They also looked at how adding in a new riparian buffer affected streambank stability. They combined real-world data collection with models of hundreds of possible scenarios. “We wanted to help practitioners and designers to make determinations about site suitability in the future,” says Dickey. “Therefore, we needed to include a wide range of possible site conditions.”

The team found that most streambanks turned out fine once the farmer added a new riparian buffer. Only in about three percent of the scenarios did the new water’s flow through the soil endanger the stability of the bank. The conditions where the bank failed included sandy soils that didn’t hold together very well and riparian buffers that were less than six feet wide Those situations are unlikely to happen in the real world, says Dickey.

The biggest predictor of a failing streambank was one that was already unstable. “If the streambank is already failing, it is likely to continue to do so, but if the bank is relatively stable, it will likely remain stable even with saturated riparian buffer flow,” Dickey says.

The height of the streambank also didn’t predict the future stability. Instead, a bank that was too steep was more likely to fail. Steep streambanks have always been at risk of erosion. The takeaway is that many sites that used to be off limits could be good candidates for new riparian buffers.

“I hope our work will give farmers and landowners the confidence to install more saturated riparian buffer strips,” says Dickey. “I also hope farmers know how grateful we are to have the opportunity to study these practices because of their support.”

Expanding the use of the saturated riparian buffer could give farmers a straightforward and cost-effective way to protect their land’s water quality. That’s a boon for the farmer – and for everyone downstream.

This work was supported by Iowa NRCS grant no. NR186114XXXXG006 from the USDA. Loulou Dickey was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant no. DGE-1828942 during work on this research.

Learn the basics of farm recordkeeping, taking sales online, and paying employees from experts and experienced farmers.
Accurate and up-to-date financial records are essential to any growing business, but are especially important to farms and agricultural businesses. Without a good recordkeeping system in place, decisions will be made based on hunches, not reality. Successful farm-centric grant applications must start with a solid set of numbers that can be at your fingertips…if you start now!
Join us online (via Zoom) on Thursday evenings in February 2022 from 7:00pm to 9:00pm to learn the ins and outs of setting up a solid recordkeeping system as well as other farm number-crunching topics. Can’t make a session? No problem! All sessions are being recorded and made available for later viewing to everyone registered.

February 3 – Farm Bookkeeping Basics
Starting or expanding a farm business doesn’t need to be complicated or intimidating. Learn the basics of setting up an accounting system that works for you. Covered topics include choosing a legal entity, paper or e-books, basic profit and loss statements, and developing a recordkeeping system.

February 10 – Online Sales
For many small farms, e-commerce has become an excellent way to connect with customers and sell product. With so many e-store choices already available, and new ones coming out all the time, it can seem overwhelming to find one that suits your farm best. Learn a bit about what’s out there and the possibilities for integration with financial software.  In addition, you’ll hear from farms that use different platforms and methods to e-connect with customers including via food hubs.

February 17 – Paying Employees
Adding employees to your farm means it’s growing. But it also means adding a lot of paperwork as well. Learn what is involved with managing payroll records and all the federal, state, and local filing requirements. Should you do it yourself or pay a service? In addition, you’ll hear from local farmers how they find and retain good employees.

February 24 – Financial Statements, Cash Flow, & Loan Readiness
What is a balance sheet? Owner’s equity? Where does cash flow and why should you care? For long term success and survival, every farm business needs to understand these concepts and more. The more you know and understand about basic number crunching, the more likely you’ll be able to see when a change is necessary,  before it’s too late. Gain the knowledge needed to talk with loan officers and put your farm in the best position possible to secure additional funding.

Series educators include Jocelyn Campbell, a Puget Sound-based farm bookkeeping professional; Neil Subhash, farmer and Farm Business Support Specialist at Business Impact NW along with other experts in the field of farm number-crunching and farmer-led panel discussions.

Take one, two or all four! Cost for the four-week series is $15 or $5 for a single class. Visit FarmingByTheNumbers.eventbrite.com to register. For more information on the series, contact Kate Ryan, kate.ryan@wsu.edu, (425) 357-6024.

Sponsored by WSU Snohomish County Extension, Business Impact Northwest, Snohomish Conservation District, and SnoValley Tilth.

By Michael A. Metiva and Zachary D. Hayden, Michigan State University

On the irrigated, sandy soils of west Michigan, nitrogen (N) management strategies for processing carrots must balance potential losses in yield and quality against the risks of N loss to the environment and high root nitrates at harvest. As a result, many growers utilize multiple topdress N applications throughout the season to “spoon-feed” N to their crops. Labor-intensive petiole sap nitrate sampling is often used to assess when and how much topdress N is needed in a particular field and year.

While petiole sap nitrate testing using handheld meters has the advantages of relatively straightforward sampling and rapid readings to assess plant N, it also suffers from high labor requirements to collect and process the petiole samples, small sample size in the field, high data variability and uncertainty about the accuracy of published thresholds for triggering N applications across different carrot varieties and soils.

As part of a larger experiment in 2019 and 2020 investigating optimal N fertilizer management in processing carrots, we evaluated the pros and cons of newer drone technology as an alternative to petiole nitrate testing for managing topdress decision making.

Experiment Details

In April of both study years, carrots (cultivar Cupar) were planted in sandy, irrigated commercial production fields with 26 lb/ac of starter N; carrots were subsequently harvested in October. Treatments included four season-total N fertilizer rates (26 [starter only], 60, 120 and 180 lb/ac N) in conjunction with two topdressing strategies (single frontloaded topdress in July vs. three split applications in July, August and September). Additional treatments looked at the timing of split applications for the recommended 120 lb/ac N rate, moving split applications either two weeks earlier or later.

Every two weeks starting in early June, we sampled petioles from each experimental plot and tested sap nitrate levels. We also flew a small quadcopter carrying both a standard RGB digital camera and an additional, more expensive multispectral camera (Micasense RedEdge MX). Drone imagery was then used to calculate vegetation indices (VIs) related to plant N status for each plot (Fig. 1).

Topdress N treatments created variability in the N status and yield of carrots over time, allowing us to try to detect differences using both petiole sap nitrate testing and drone imagery.

Drones vs. Petiole Nitrate Testing: Correlations with Yield

If a measurement of N status is finding meaningful differences, those differences should be reflected in final yield. Fig. 2 shows that drone-based vegetation indices from either the drone’s normal digital camera (Green Leaf Index [GLI]) or the added multispectral camera (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]) were both more strongly correlated with yield than petiole sap nitrate testing. This was especially true from mid-August to mid-September in 2019 when the strength of the correlations exceeded 50 percent, meaning over half of the variation in yield could be explained by information the vegetation indices were picking up.

Along with fewer yield differences overall, correlations were lower in 2020, where no N status metrics explained more than 20 to 30 percent of the yield variation on any date. Still, drone indices did as well as or better than petiole nitrate.

Guiding Topdress Application Decisions

The idea behind both petiole sap nitrate testing and drone-based vegetation indices is to apply N when the crop’s N status (as measured by these tools) drops below a certain threshold. For petiole sap nitrate, different thresholds have been published from university research, though concerns remain that these values may be specific to a given variety or region.

Drone-based decision making relies on a different “sufficiency index” approach, which requires comparing vegetation index values to a high-N reference area within the field that represents adequate N fertilization. Normalizing VI values using this in-field reference transforms the vegetation indices into “sufficiency indices” (SIs) which measure how close other areas look to the high-N reference. Making topdress decisions requires both establishing appropriate reference areas and deciding on a threshold relative to the reference below which topdresses should be applied. 

Using SIs has the advantage of capturing N status differences independent of variations due to variety, disease, growth stage or other factors accounted for by comparison with the reference area. However, more research is needed to evaluate the optimal reference treatments and threshold values to use in carrots.

In this trial, an analysis using our high-N, frontloaded topdress treatment as the reference area and a threshold value of approximately 1 (apply a topdress if a given area looks “worse” than the reference) found that drone-based SIs recommended topdress applications about 25 to 35 percent less often, on average, than petiole nitrate testing, with the potential to reduce N costs and pollution from wasted N.

Practical Considerations

Drone-based SIs show promise relative to petiole nitrate testing for topdress decision support. In particular, drones may offer greater accuracy, larger sampling areas, fewer labor hours, and more interpretable, frequent and multi-purpose information on crop status. The accessibility of these advantages may well increase over time through improvements in drone or satellite technology and greater speed and availability of image processing services.

However, maintaining appropriate high-N reference areas adds additional management complexity, and the additional time and expertise required to fly the drone and process the imagery likely necessitates use of a service provider for all but the most tech-savvy growers. Upfront costs for a drone and software are also generally higher than for a handheld nitrate meter (in our case, approximately $1,500 for the drone and $2,000 for the software versus $400 for a nitrate meter). The addition of the multispectral camera to the drone cost nearly $6,000 more, but our similar results for both cameras suggest this extra cost may be unnecessary.

More research is needed to test drone-based adaptive N management for carrots at field scale and identify tradeoffs as the farming technology landscape continues to evolve. Still, our research shows promise for using drones in carrot nitrogen management.

The Carbon Robotics LaserWeeder targets one of farming’s most significant challenges: weeds. By leveraging computer vision and laser technology, Carbon Robotics delivers chemical-free, no-till weed control for specialty crops. The LaserWeeder utilizes thermal energy from industrial lasers to eradicate weeds at the meristem without harming valuable crops or disturbing soil.

Laser weeding is a high-precision solution that improves crop yield, reduces farming costs, and creates sustainable paths for regenerative and organic farming. A single LaserWeeder can weed 15 to 20 acres per day and eliminate up to 100,000 weeds per hour.

Carbon Robotics’ 2021 models are sold out, but new models for the 2022 growing season are available for pre-order.

Visit carbonrobotics.com.

Key Technology has introduced its VERYX 2.0 line of digital sorters suitable for carrots. The machines feature a new mechanical layout, next-generation LED illumination, enhanced laser scanner technology and new powerful software driven by artificial intelligence. VERYX 2.0 eases use, reduces operating costs, and improves the accuracy of foreign material and defect removal to optimize product quality and maximize yield, according to the company.
The product line includes belt- and chute-fed sorters of various sizes, configurable to address a range of product applications and production capacities. The sorters can be equipped with cameras, laser sensors and/or hyperspectral imaging technology to identify the color, size, shape, structural composition and biological properties of each object. 
Visit www.key.net.

Megan Clark of Grand Mound, Iowa has been named the national winner of the 2022 GROWMARK essay contest for FFA members. The theme of this year’s contest was “What, in your opinion, has changed for the better in the agricultural industry as a result of the pandemic?”

Clark is a student at Central DeWitt High School and a member of the DeWitt Central FFA Chapter. Her FFA advisor is Amy Grantz. She will receive a $1000 award from GROWMARK, and the DeWitt Central FFA will receive $750.

In her essay, Clark said: “While other sectors in the country found themselves at a standstill, agriculturalists continued to thrive and emerged from the pandemic with new business opportunities and a stronger public image. Forever the optimist, farmers pushed back against adversity and found new ways to grow.”

Four runners-up were also selected. They each receive $500 and their FFA chapters receive $300. They are, in alphabetical order:

     •   Liz Elam, of Clovis, New Mexico. She is a member of the Texico FFA Chapter and a student at Texico High School. Her FFA advisor is Chris Flanagan.

     •   Kylie Oakland, of Elgin, Iowa. She is a member of the North Fayette Valley FFA Chapter and a student at North Fayette Valley High School. Her FFA advisor is Ryan Holthaus.

     •   Sidney Stiers, of Williamsfield, Illinois. She is a member of the Williamsfield FFA Chapter and a student at Williamsfield High School. Her FFA advisor is Kent Rigg.

     •   Makenna Stundebeck, of Salisbury, Missouri. She is a member of the Salisbury FFA Chapter and a student at Salisbury High School. Her FFA advisor is Breanne Brammer.

This is the 29th year for the program, sponsored by the GROWMARK System and FS member cooperatives, in conjunction with state FFA leaders, to help young people develop their writing skills, learn about current issues in agriculture, and understand the unique role of cooperatives.

Vive Crop Protection has been selected as the “Crop Protection Solution of the Year” in the 2021 AgTech Breakthrough Awards.
Vive Crop Protection has created six new fungicide and insecticide products using trusted active ingredients with its patented nano-polymer Allosperse Delivery System technology. Allosperse allows previously incompatible products to be mixed with liquid fertilizer and other crop inputs and applied in one application.

“Developing novel active ingredients can take decades and cost millions of dollars,” said Bryan Vaughn, managing director of AgTech Breakthrough Awards. “Vive Crop Protection has put its focus on making existing active ingredients more efficient and able to be applied differently, allowing growers to use proven active ingredients in new ways to create on-farm efficiency and value. This includes both biological and chemical active ingredients, which Vive can easily deliver in the same jug.”

Sakata Seed America has officially signed an agreement finalizing the sale of its carrot breeding program to long-standing corporate partner, Illinois Foundation Seeds, Inc., or IFSI. IFSI is an independent company delivering leading research, product development, licensing, and production for the seed industry’s sweet corn and field crops, and has partnered with Sakata Seed Corporation for many years on a number of crop breeding and production programs.

“IFSI is a long-time partner and friend of Sakata. We align well on our respective company’s ethos and values, including a strong commitment to quality, service, and our customers. We are confident that IFSI will take this program to new heights, and we’re proud to support IFSI and the program’s success through joint marketing and logistics efforts,” stated John Nelson, Executive Vice President of Sakata Seed America.

Effective immediately, IFSI will integrate the Sakata carrot program into day-to-day operations, including fulfillment of existing and future orders for domestic and international business.

“The IFSI team is committed to delivering world-class genetics and the acquisition of the Sakata Seed America carrot program is another forward step in fulfilling this mission. We are excited to collaboratively grow and expand on existing carrot genetics and provide a comprehensive portfolio to the market, including Nantes, Cut and Peel and Fresh/Cello categories,” said Clinton Naugle, CEO of IFSI.

The combined goal of the Sakata Seed America and IFSI partnership is to ensure market excellence for the supply chain, growers, distributors and, ultimately, end consumers. Sakata will assist IFSI in research, as well as sales, logistics, and production efforts for current and future carrot genetics.